The “AKADEMOS” journal of Science, Innovation, Culture and Art is an open access, peer-reviewed generalist scientific publication of national interest, belonging to category “B”. The “AKADEMOS” journal is a periodic scientific wide profile publication, of national and international interest, aimed at mirroring the modern scientific phenomenon and its development, publicizing the fundamental and valuable research in various fields, new technologies and the scientific results for the purpose of their innovative application, approaching issues and elucidating the investigations regarding the material and immaterial spiritual heritage, culture and arts.
Periodic Publication Journal of Science, Innovation, Culture and Art "SCIENCE and INNOVATION"
In Memoriam Alexandru Marghiloman (1854–1925)
Alexandru Marghiloman was a prominent member of the Conservative Party, a minister multiple times, and in 1918, during the war, he became Prime Minister of Romania. He accomplished one of the most important acts in our history: the Union of Bessarabia with Romania on March 27, 1918, but he was forced to sign the Treaty of Peace of Bucharest (May 1918), a painful treaty, yet considered by him a strategic necessity. However, he also left us: Marghiloman Coffee, as well as a solid equestrian legacy or Political Notes.
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In Memoriam Alexandru Marghiloman. Scientific Communications Session, May 9-10, 2025, Buzău
Heroism and sacrifice of the romanians across the Prut the Union of Bessarabia with the country
The unification of Bessarabia with the Motherland in 1918, an act with profound heroic and nationalpatriotic reverberations, was to open the way for the fulfillment of complete national unity and the realization in the year of grace 1918 of Greater Romania, a free, independent, and sovereign country. At the end of the 19th century and in the first decades of the 20th century, the struggle for the unity of all Romanians entered a new phase – unification had become a priority issue both for the Romanian state and for Romanians in the oppressed territories: Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transylvania, closely supported by all Romanians, including those in the diaspora. A delegation of the Council of the Country composed of I. Inculeț, Pan Halippa, and Daniel Ciugureanu once again came to Iași on March 2 to get in touch with the new Romanian government led by Alexandru Marghiloman.
The Union of Bessarabia with the Motherland 1918
The Army in Alexandru Marghiloman’s Political Notes 1897–1924. Review
Notele politice ale lui Alexandru Marghiloman sunt file de istorie recentă și reprezintă un document istoric de excepție, oferind o perspectivă intimă și detaliată asupra scenei politice românești din perioada 1897–1924. Aceste memorii au fost redactate de Marghiloman în timpul vieții sale și publicate inițial în 1927, la doi ani după moartea sa. Cu toate acestea, din cauza conținutului lor considerat incomod de către autoritățile vremii, volumele au fost rapid retrase de pe piață și chiar distruse, ceea ce a contribuit la o lungă perioadă de uitare. Abia în anii 1993–1995, istoricul Stelian Neagoe a reeditat aceste note în trei volume, aducându-le din nou în atenția publicului. Ediția sa, publicată la Editura Machiavelli, a fost esențială pentru revalorizarea lui Marghiloman ca om politic și martor al epocii.
The topicality and value of the work of sculptor Alexandru Plămădeală
Two defining facets of the work of sculptor Alexandru Plămădeală (1888–1940) formed the basis of this study. The first refers to the pieces made of noble metals and organic stones crafted by the famous sculptor, a creation less known and appreciated by art historians and critics. The medallions made of silver (Portrait of I. Teodorescu-Sion’s wife, Portrait against the background of the monument, Portrait of the performer Lidia Lipcovschi) and miniatures made of ivory and wood are part of the collection of the National Museum of Art of Moldova. The second aspect concerns the workshop in Chisinau where the monument to Stephen the Great was cast, inaugurated in 1927 in the Public Garden that today bears his name.
pieces made of noble metals and organic stones
Printing house of the cultural society of romanians from Bessarabia (“New Romania”)cinematography (1991–2025)
In this study, on the basis of archival material, period press and memoirs the historical context, the personalities involved in the creation of the Typography of the Cultural Society of Romanians from Bessarabia (New Romania) are presented. Following the research of the factual material, the full involvement of the Transylvanian militant Onisifor Ghibu in the transfer of the typography from Iași and its organisation in Chisinau was highlighted. The difficulties and the challenges of the time that led to the realisation of this ambitious cultural and identity project for the Romanian province were presented. The first didactic and publicistic works in Latin script in Bessarabia were published in the printing house, thus representing an authentic catalyst of the ‘cultural revolution’ in the Romanian province.
Alexandru Marghiloman – the “lord” of romanian parliamentary eloquence
Alexandru Marghiloman was one of the Romanian political figures who defined Romanian political life at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. He was a minister in several governments seven times and prime minister between March 5 and October 24, 1918. He signed the painful peace with the Central Powers in Bucharest in May 7, 1918, as well as the Union of Bessarabia with Romania on March 27, 1918. Along with his political achievements, he left behind the model of an exceptional political orator, whose Parliamentary Speeches can still constitute an example of elegance, clarity, logic and stylistic vibration of the message in the parliamentary debate today. The present material aims to bring to attention the opinions of some contemporaries of the illustrious politician from Buzău, relative to his oratorical talent, but also to exemplify this, through a few excerpts from these speeches.
Two decorations conferred on Alexandru Marghiloman (1888, 1895)
In this article, the author presents, using phaleristics, heraldry and sigillography, the Order of the Star of Romania and the Order of the Crown of Romania which were awarded to Alexandru Marghiloman in 1895 and 1888
The intervention of the Romanian army in Bessarabia – a strategic necessity for ensure the security of military deposits and communication lines, restoring internal order and defending the union act of march 27 / april 9, 1918
The geopolitical and strategic context of the Romanian Army’s intervention in Bessarabia in 1918 was represented by the following essential aspects: a) the inability of the Board of Directors of Bessarabia to control the situation in the newly established Moldavian Democratic Republic. It was threatened by the pressures of the anarchist Bolshevik forces and the annexationist claims of Ukraine, and the difficulties of the Board in managing the internal state of affairs determined the request for help from the Romanian Government; b) the major interest of the Kingdom of Romania to benefit, with the agreement of the Entente representatives, in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester, from a stable area that would ensure the security of communications and access to stocks of weapons, ammunition, food, etc.; c) the threat, from the Allies’ perspective, of the expansion of Bolshevism in southern Ukraine, as well as the interest of the Central Powers to impose the acceptance of the largest possible concessions from Romania, engaged in the peace negotiations in Bucharest, favored the support of both belligerent camps for the Romanian military intervention across the Prut. The presence of the Romanian Army in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester and the restoration of internal order in this space ensured the freedom of action of political structures and professional organizations and the free expression of the will of the majority population in Bessarabia, materialized in the historic decision of the Country Council of March 27/April 9, 1918.
threats to the security of Bessarabia’s existence
appeals to Romania from the CountryCouncil
the crossing of the Prut by Romanian troops
the restoration of internal order in Bessarabia
Visits of Queen Maria (1875–1938) to Chisinau
During the interwar period, the sovereigns of the Romania Royal House have undertakenof five official visits to Bessarabia. As for Queen Maria, she visited Chișinău three times. The visits were undertaken in 1920, 1925 and 1927, on the occasion of certain events, the queen accompanying King Ferdinand I, but also being accompanied (on her last trip) by Princess Ileana, the younger daughter of the sovereigns. With reference to Queen Maria’s impressions from the three visits to Bessarabia, these do not seem to be unilateral. If the territory, without a doubt, was Romanian (with a Romanian population), certain localities of Bessarabia taking her mind to the expanses of Iași, then the habitat of the Bessarabians reminded the queen of Russian novels. At the same time, although Chisinau impressed her with its large and beautiful buildings in the Russian style, it still had, according to the sovereign, the appearance of a small provincial town. At the same time, the worst impressions left the queen with the several banquets, of provincial origin, organized by the local authorities in honor of the royal family arriving in Chisinau.
Alexandru Marghiloman – a personality of Romanian political life, a statesman of the stature of those who lived and were active in Europe and Romania at the end of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century, was born in Buzău, into a family with an impressive fortune, his parents Iancu and Irina Marghiloman being among the major landowners in the country. A year and a half before his death, Alexandru Marghiloman drew up his will. In his notes, he said, “I entered politics rich a nd I leave poor, but with clean hands.” The situation of his fortune was “complicated,” as he himself admitted, and “the testamentary duties ... difficult.” Through the Will written on October 7, 1923, in Bucharest, in which he recorded clear dispositions, which denotes his organized nature, he leaves his entire fortune, in usufruct, to his wife Maria Marghiloman
Echoes from the mists of time at the passing of Alexandru Marghiloman into eternity
The purpose of this study was to examine the reaction of the press of the time (1925) to the news of the death of the Romanian politician Alexandru Marghiloman. The study demonstrated that the Romanian press marked this case, some newspapers publishing broad positive comments about the deceased (e.g., Gazeta Dorohoiului), other newspapers had critical opinions about the former Prime Minister of Romania Alexandru Marghiloman (e.g., Universul). Taken as a whole, the newspapers of the time highlighted the great personality of the Buzoian Alexandru Marghiloman.
Aspects of Alexandru Marghiloman’s private life recorded in historical photographs
This study presents a series of archival images held by the Buzău County Museum, which capture unprecedented and unique aspects of the private life of Alexandru Marghiloman (1854–1925), a prominent representative of Romania’s social, economic, and political elite. It further examines the significance of visual sources in researching the historical legacy of a political figure and in elucidating the developmental trajectories of human groups and individuals who occupy diametrically opposed positions within the social hierarchy. In the initial section, historical information concerning Alexandru Marghiloman and his family is provided to acquaint the reader with the contextual framework of the era and to establish an adequate background on the subject, who is later depicted in the images. Several photographs illustrate the Marghiloman Ensemble in the municipality of Buzău, thereby reflecting the propriet or’s status and resources, the period during which the structure was built and occupied, and the prevailing socio-cultural mentality at the close of the nineteenth century and the onset of the twentieth century. This architectural ensemble serves as an example of Western European typologies within Romania. The study also highlights Alexandru Marghiloman’s passion for horse racing and for breeding pure English racehorses. In the concluding section, photographs from the estates at Fundeni -Zărnești (Buzău County) and Putineiu in the former Vlașca County (now part of Giurgiu County) are presented, recording the visit of Alexandru Marghiloman and clos e friends during the wheat harvest period. The author accentuates the contrast between the lush urban landscape and the rural p lain, as well as the disparity between the grand, elegant, and extravagant landowner and the simple, landless peasant of modest mea ns.
The crises of the beginning of the XX century and the foreign policy of Romania reflected in the attitude of King Carol of Romania and the minister of foreign affairs, Alexandru Marghiloman (july–november 1900)
At the beginning of July 1900, the characteristics of a strong financial crisis that prompted the resignation of the Cantacuzino government and the formation of the Petre P. Carp cabinet, in which the foreign policy portfolio was assigned to Alexandru Marghiloman. The task of the new government invested at the suggestion and insistence of King Carol of Romania was clear, the recovery of the Romanian economy, but the prime minister Petre P. Carp was to face two other political crises in which the minister of foreign affairs, Alexandru Marghiloman, had a major contribution, a fact less known in Romanian historiograph y. The first, the Romanian-Bulgarian crisis, was caused by the assassination of professor Stefan Mihaileanu and had the effect of replacing the theme Boris Sarafov, the leader of the Macedonian Revolutionary Secret Committee from the leadership of this an archist/ terrorist organization. The second was related to the religious rights of the Aromanians in Macedonia, the Ottoman prov ince in which the Greeks, the Serbs and the Bulgarians were carrying devastating propaganda whose effect was the pillage of member s and the killing of leaders of the Aromanian communities by the Serbian cetnic gangs, Bulgarian comitagists and Greek antartists guerrilla groups, from the confrontation of which the Romanian population in the Balkan Peninsula suffered greatly.
The funeral of Alexandru Marghiloman (may 1925)
The authors first deal with the last period of Alexandru Marghiloman’s life, almost forgotten and struck by a relentless disease: pancreatic cancer. They extensively present the funeral of the great Buzău politician. The study’s signatories highlight the fact that Alexandru Marghiloman wished for a simple, discreet burial, without pomp. His heirs, primarily his wife, respected this final wish. Nevertheless, the sad event drew the interest of newspapers of the time such as Adevărul, Aurora, Dimineața, Neamul Românesc, Universul, as well as of public opinion, friends, and political adversaries. All of them reported in detail the main moments of his passing into eternity. Now, on the commemoration of 100 years since his death, we can only offer our modest and respectful tribute.
The sunset of earthly life and the funeral of Alexandru Marghiloman, as reflected in the press of the time
The centenary of the passing into eternity of the conservative-progressive political leader Alexandru Marghiloman († May 10, 1925) is a blessed opportunity to honor and keep his memory alive. The present study aims to highlight the final thoughts, wishes, and moments of the existence of the “Wallachian lord”, the final stage of his life, and the funeral rites held in his memory, as recorded by the press of the time.
Alexandru Marghiloman seen through the eyes of his contemporaries. Aspects of public perception and critical analysis
Alexandru Marghiloman (1854–1925) was one of the most prominent figures on the Romanian political stage during the transitional period between the 19th and early 20th centuries. Contemporary perceptions of him were deeply polariz ed, ranging from laudatory praise – which portrayed him as a homo regius and a “providential man” – to vehement criticism, branding him with serious accusations such as being an “agent of German interests” or a “traitor to his people and country”. Modern historiography offers a more nuanced reassessment of his role, depicting him as a statesman who acted with responsi bility and discernment. He is seen as someone who prioritized the national interest over personal gain, making high -risk decisions to ensure the continuity of the Romanian state and the fulfillment of the national ideal. This study aims to investigate the representations and impressions associated with the “Wallachian lord” in the political discourse and public sphere of his time, focus ing on how this figure was received and interpreted by both ideological supporters and opponents, as well as by the general public.
Metropolitan Gurie Grosu – contemporary of Alexandru Marghiloman
Metropolitan Gurie Grosu (1877–1943) is one of the personalities who marked the first half of the 20th century. Born in Bessarabia, throughout his activity he fought for the introduction of the Romanian language in the conduct of religious services in the church, for the education of the Romanian population in the national spirit. He was actively involved in the unification of the Moldovan Republic and the Kingdom of Romania, but also in the process of the return of the Moldova Orthodox Church to the Romanian Orthodox Church, being the first metropolitan of Bessarabia. His career was overshadowed by accusations of aggravated corruption and deep disagreements with King Carol II. His memory was rehabilitated in 1992. He was buried at the Cernica Monastery.
From the political and parliamentary activity of Alexandru Marghiloman
Alexandru Marghiloman was a politician interested in solving the country’s important problems. Highly documented, attentive to details, he was feared by all his political opponents. In 1906, he had a broad intervention on the Romanian army budget law. She highlighted a series of deficiencies in the organization and financing of the army, including an excessively large administrative apparatus, too few officers in operational units, difficult living conditions for soldiers, and insuffic ient medical insurance. After only 10 years, Marghiloman’s observations were confirmed by the failures suffered by the Romanian army on th e fronts of World War I. Another important intervention was made by Alexandru Marghiloman in 1912, when, as Minister of the Interior, he introduced amendments to the law by which Dobrogea was completely integrated into Romania. There was a need for moral reparation towards the old inhabitants of Dobruja. Marghiloman, with an authentic European spirit, initiated these chan ges.
The government of Alexandru Marghiloman under the constraints of wartime
Alexandru Marghiloman’s assumption of political leadership during the final year of the First World War constituted a notable act of political resolve, undertaken amidst the collapse of the old European order and the emergence of a new geopolitical landscape. During his tenure as Prime Minister, from 5 March to 24 October 1918, Marghiloman demonstrated composure in navigating a series of complex challenges: negotiations with the Central Powers, the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest, and most significantly, the unification of Bessarabia with Romania, a defining achievement of his mandate. A pressing issue confronting his administration was the economic exploitation of the occupied territories of the Old Kingdom, especially the persistent demands for grain requisitions from Bessarabia. These demands prompted Marghiloman to engage in sustained efforts to limit the requisitioning imposed by the German military authorities, as food shortages in the occupied regions had reached critical levels. The safeguarding of the monarchy remained a consistent priority throughout his administration. This commitment became particularly visible during the controversy surrounding Crown Prince Carol’s secret and abrupt marriage to Miss Ioana Maria Valentina Lambrino (Zizi) in Odessa on 31 August / 13 September 1918. The prince’s unauthorized marriage posed a threat to the legitimacy of the monarchy and, by extension, to Marghiloman’s broader political project. However, disp laying astute political judgment, he used the dynastic crisis as leverage in justifying to the German authorities the continued postponement of the treaty’s ratification. The strategy of delay, pursued in coordination with King Ferdinand, was effectively employed through the introduction of new points of negotiation, including the proposed entry of the Romanian army into Dobruja at a time when Bulgaria had already been occupied by Entente forces. These maneuvers ultimately succeeded in creating the diplomatic space necessary for Romania to reenter the war on the side of the Entente on 10 November 1918, just one day before the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne. Marghiloman’s role as a transitional, and ultimately sacrificial, head of government came to an end on 6 November 1918, only days before this final strategic realignment, concluding a politically and diplomatically consequential episode in Romania’s wartime governance.
Notes of the catholic Archbishop of Bucharest Raymund Netzhammer (1862-1945) about Buzău and Alexandru Marghiloman
Raymund Netzhammer came to Romania as a professor at the Catholic Seminary in Bucharest where he taught between 1900 and 1902. He returned in 1905 as a hierarch, Catholic Archbishop of Bucharest. He held the position until 1927. Netzhammer left us an extensive Diary (1737 pages), in which he recorded the visits made to the country, information about personalities, localities, monasteries, etc. The present study is based on the notes about Buzău, the Catholic community of Buzău, the meetings and discussions he had with Alexandru Marghiloman.
The death of Alexandru Marghiloman reported in the contemporary press
Our paper aims at analizing the way the press of the time (1925) covered the death of Alexandru Marghiloman, a Romanian politician. As an exhaustive analysis of the entire Romanian press is not possible, we have selected seven publications we considered significant for our survey: one partisan newspaper (Opinia), two opposition newspapers (Mișcarea and Viitorul) and four “neutral” ones (Universul, Neamul românesc, Dimineața and Adevărul). In the articles dedicated to the death of Alexandru Marghiloman, we have identified two major topics of interest: details about the event – such as the date (May 10, 1925), cause of death, testamentary dispositions, the organization and conduct of the funeral ceremony –, and the presentation of Alexandru Marghiloman’s personality, biographical and professional data, political activity and so forth. All publications emphasized his culture, refinement, oratorical talent, and perseverance, qualities that justify the political rise of the conservative leader. Alexandru Marghiloman was a happy man prior to becaming a Prime Minister and signing the Peace Treaty of Bucharest, event that changed everything in his life. Nevertheless, at the time of his death, the language of the press wa s characterized by decency and they no longer considered Marghiloman a traitor. Prominent names, such as N. Iorga and C. Bacalbașa, p ortrayed Alexandru Marghiloman as a man of sacrifice, who was forced to accept the solution imposed in the given historical context.
The activity of Alexandru Marghiloman at the beginning of the conservative governance in 1910–1912, reflected in the daily newspaper Dimineata (december 1910–february 1911)
Alexandru Marghiloman was, without a doubt, one of the political personalities who marked the political and social life of Romania from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The present study aims to reveal to the readers the image of the young and ambitious politician, when he was in full ascension of his political career, which will culminate with the appointment, by King Ferdinand I, as prime minister on March 5, 1918. Alexandru Marghiloman was a strong character, educated at the French school, with a brilliant speech and also a remarkable figure in the socio-cultural life of Romania, a true „wallah lord” as Nicolae Peneș called him in his book.
The portrait of Alexandru Marghiloman in the memoirs of Lupu Kostaki and Alexandru Tzigara- Samurcaș
Alexandru Marghiloman was the president of the Conservative Party (1914–1925), of the “Red Cross” Society (1914–1925) and prime minister (March–October 1918). Through his multilateral activity, he was portrayed by political friends and enemies, as well as by contemporaries from other fields. Lupu Kostaki was Minister of the Interior (November 1916 – May 1918), and Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș was the head of the Capital Police (November 1916 – November 1918), so they collaborated closely with Marghiloman. The two memorialists had the mission of easing the situation of their compatriots, collaborating with the “Red Cross” Society, led by the leader of the Conservative Party. Both had the same opinion about the head of government from March to October 1918: he willingly accepted to sacrifice himself to save the country, saved what could be saved, achieved the Union of Bessarabia with Romania, and after the danger passed he was removed. Although attacked from all sides by the “winners”, Marghiloman stoically endured the attacks and responded, elegantly and professionally, from the rostrum of Parliament.
Alexandru Marghiloman and the first elections based on universal suffrage in united Romania
In May 1914, elections were held in Romania for the Constituent National Assembly, which was supposed to amend the fundamental law in order to implement the agrarian reform and the electoral reform. Due to the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914, it was decided to postpone their debate. Romania entered the war in August 1916, and as a result of the defeats suffered, the central authorities, including the parliament, took refuge in Iași. Discussions on the reforms took place in May – June 1917, when the articles regarding property and the right to vote were amended. On this basis, the decree on electoral reform was drafted, which was published on November 16, 1918. The election campaign lasted almost a year, as the date of the elections was constantly postponed due to the internal and international situation, being finally set for November 2, 3, and 4, 1919. During that time, several parties were established in the old Kingdom, and the parties that led the union of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transylvania with Romania were integrated into the unified Romanian state. Each launched manifestos and programs on the basis of which they sought the voters’ votes. Alexandru Marghiloman, the president of the Conservative Party, decided to participate in the first elections based on universal suffrage organized in unified Romania. On December 3/18, 1918, the electoral manifesto presented in this study was published.
Medicine – vocation and destiny. Academician Viorel PRISACARI, at the age of 80
Craft centers and artistic handicrafts – between identity function and heritage value
Serghei Vasiliev. Contributions to the formation of the architectural identity of postwar Moldova
Cultural heritage and public administration: theoretical and applied approaches